Until , the majority of asylum seekers applying for protection in Australia arrived originally by air with a valid visa and then applied for asylum at a later date while living in the community. Historically, boat arrivals only made up a small proportion of asylum applicants—estimates vary, but it is likely that between 96 and 99 per cent of asylum applicants arrived by air. In the proportions of irregular maritime arrival IMA and non-IMA that is air arrival asylum seekers shifted due to a significant increase in boat arrivals.
However, in —14 the proportions shifted back and the majority of applications Note: September and December quarter statistics not available.
Although the proportion of asylum seekers arriving by boat has increased significantly in the last few years, and boat arrivals continue to be the focus of much public and political attention, they are in fact more likely to be recognised as refugees than those who have arrived by air.
For example, the final protection visa grant rate for asylum seekers from the top country of citizenship for boat arrivals Afghanistan has varied between about 96 and per cent since ; while the final protection visa grant rate for those applying for asylum from one of the top country of citizenship for air arrivals China is usually only around 20 to 30 per cent.
The reason this Whereas the majority of those arriving by boat are refugees, the majority of those arriving by air are not. However, it is interesting to note that in recent years there has been an increase in the number of protection visas granted to non-IMA asylum seekers arriving by air. For example, in —13 the top ten countries of citizenship for non-IMAs granted protection visas included six with high grant rates—Pakistan As mentioned earlier, under current Government policy, asylum seekers attempting to arrive in Australia by boat may be turned around and returned to international waters, or transferred to offshore processing centres.
Presumably the subsequent drop in boat arrival numbers will result in a return to the historical norm whereby the majority of those applying for protection onshore in Australia will have arrived originally by air with a valid visa. In the case of Europe, the figures on irregular migration are not as reliable due to its porous borders. While unauthorised arrival figures for Australia are more precise owing to our geography, those for Europe are only estimates.
We know how many unauthorised arrivals there are in Australia because we are able to monitor unauthorised boat arrivals in Australian waters and all air arrivals at Australian airports.
For example, historically in Italy only about 15 per cent of irregular migrants arrive by sea. The vast majority of asylum seekers arrive in Italy within mixed migratory flows, travelling alongside irregular migrants, including victims of trafficking, through highly dangerous channels managed by smugglers.
Whilst some of these arrive by air or by land, some 70 per cent of asylum seekers in Italy are now estimated to arrive by sea. Unauthorised boat arrivals have always undergone comprehensive security and health checks. In the past, asylum seekers were usually transferred to Christmas Island initially where the following checks were made:. Unauthorised arrivals, regardless of whether they arrive on the mainland or at an excised offshore place, undergo a comprehensive and thorough assessment process, including security checking, to establish if they have a legitimate reason for staying in Australia.
This process includes assessing identities, as many people dispose of all personal papers en route to Australia; assessing whether the person is raising claims which may engage Australia's protection obligations; and obtaining formal police clearances from countries of first asylum in which they have resided for at least 12 months, to confirm they are of good character The department has a comprehensive process for checking the health of unauthorised arrivals.
An initial health assessment is conducted to identify conditions that will require attention. This assessment includes the collection of personal and medical history, a physical examination and formalised mental health screening and assessment.
All unauthorised arrivals can access appropriate health care commensurate with the level of care available to the broader community. A discharge health assessment is completed for each person leaving any immigration detention placement.
This assessment includes the provision of a health discharge summary from the Health Services Manager to the individual, which informs future health providers of relevant health history, treatment received during detention and any ongoing treatment regimes.
Where appropriate, linkages are made with relevant community health providers to facilitate ongoing care beyond discharge. Depending on the individual circumstances, reasons for entering and country of origin, temporary visa applicants may also be required to undergo a health examination.
Asylum seekers who arrive by boat are subject to the same assessment criteria as all other asylum applicants. Past figures show that between 70 and per cent of asylum seekers arriving by boat at different times have been found to be refugees and granted protection either in Australia or in another country.
In contrast, asylum claims from people who enter Australia by air on a valid visa and subsequently apply for asylum have not had such high success rates historically and the majority have not been found to be refugees. This is demonstrated by the lower protection visa grant rates for non-IMAs air arrivals of around 45 per cent annually. In other words, past figures show that more asylum seekers who arrived by boat have been recognised as refugees than those who entered Australia by air.
Historically, successful onshore applicants boat and air arrivals usually only make up a relatively small proportion of the total number of refugees and other humanitarian entrants accepted by Australia each year—usually in the region of 17 to 20 per cent. For example:. The following material has been reproduced from L Buckmaster and J Guppy, Australian Government assistance to refugees: fact v fiction , Background note, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, In recent years, a series of emails have been widely circulated throughout Australia claiming to describe the social security entitlements for refugees, compared with those of other Australian residents.
A common claim in these emails is that refugees in Australia receive higher social security benefits than age pensioners. The U. EPA classified naphthalene as a possible human carcinogen, also based on animal studies. Rats fed naphthalene while pregnant did not gain weight as quickly. In humans, women who ate naphthalene mothballs or inhaled the vapors while pregnant gave birth to babies with hemolytic anemia.
No information was found on naphthalene and asthma or other chronic diseases. While children may be especially sensitive to pesticides compared to adults, there are currently no data showing that children have increased sensitivity specifically to naphthalene. However, small children are at greatest danger from eating stray mothballs, because they may look like candy. Most naphthalene in the environment will turn into a gas. Some of it may be bound to soil, where it can be taken up by plants.
It can also be deposited on plant leaves from the air. Naphthalene is broken down by bacteria, fungi, air, and sunlight. Naphthalene has been found in wastewater treatment plant discharge.
No information was found on naphthalene and groundwater. The half-life of naphthalene in the environment may range from less than one day in air to over 80 days in soil. Naphthalene was considered moderately toxic to several species of fish, water fleas, and Pacific oysters. It was considered slightly toxic to green algae.
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